In molecular diagnostics, the detection of proteins, RNA, DNA, or other nucleic acids is used to diagnose infectious diseases or genetic disorders.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders. Hematologists and hematopathologists are highly trained healthcare providers.
Cytology (also known as cytopathology) involves examining cells from bodily tissues or fluids to determine a diagnosis.
Histopathology is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope.
Clinical biochemistry refers to the analysis of the blood plasma (or serum) for a wide variety of substances, enzymes, hormones, etc—and their use in diagnosis and monitoring of disease.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a powerful technique that exploits the specific binding between an antibody and antigen to detect and localize specific antigens in cells and tissue.
Microbiology involves the identification of microorganisms for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and the assessment of likely response to specific therapeutic interventions.
Serology is the scientific study of blood to look at the response of the immune system to vaccination or infections with pathogens, like flu viruses.